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Every concept, explained

Clear mental models, how each one shows in a question, and the look-alikes that trip people up.

Paper A

  • Basic Neurosciences7 concepts
  • Behavioural Science & Sociocultural Psychiatry3 concepts
  • Classification & Assessment in Psychiatry3 concepts
  • Human Development4 concepts

Paper B

  • Addiction Psychiatry1 concept
  • Descriptive Statistics & Distributions2 concepts
  • Effect Measures & Meta-analysis2 concepts
  • Forensic Psychiatry2 concepts
  • General Adult Psychiatry6 concepts
  • Inferential Statistics3 concepts
  • Learning Disability2 concepts
  • Liaison Psychiatry1 concept
  • Old Age Psychiatry2 concepts
  • Organisation & Delivery of Care2 concepts
  • Study Design & Bias3 concepts

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Paper B 2027 lessons: 251 locked
Area 10
  • What each drug does at its receptor
  • Naming the drug families and street names
  • Uk drug law classes
  • How dependence forming is the drug
  • Stimulant intoxication cocaine amphetamine or mephedrone
  • Sedated dissociated or mellow non stimulant intoxication
  • Withdrawal mirrors intoxication which drug was stopped
  • Withdrawal clock what appears when
  • Long term harm by drug
  • Overdose which antidote
  • Screens and markers what each test shows
  • The withdrawing newborn
  • Numbers to know how common how risky
  • Alcohol and the brain which syndrome
  • Wernicke's treat first ask later
  • Alcohol detox which benzodiazepine
  • After alcohol detox which relapse drug
  • Opioid treatment by goal
  • Motivational interviewing and its rivals
  • Cutting alcohol harm across a population
  • Gambling and other impulse control problems
Area 11
  • How much violence comes from mental illness
  • Which disorder lies behind this offence
  • Shoplifting and theft
  • Offending in autism and learning disability
  • Who the victim is to the offender
  • Predicting sexual reoffending
  • Legal building blocks
  • Fitness to plead
  • Static vs dynamic risk factors
  • Risk assessment tools
  • Suicide risk in and after prison
Area 12
  • Ideas that shape care normal life valued roles secondary handicap
  • How common rates and spread in intellectual disability
  • Is it inherited routes from cause to family
  • Down syndrome what the extra chromosome 21 predicts
  • Prader willi vs angelman whose 15q is missing
  • Fragile x what the cgg expansion predicts
  • Psychiatric risk by syndrome
  • When the disability hides an illness
  • Non drug approaches match the tool to the need
  • Drug choice what licenses the drug
  • Drug harms to watch for
Area 13
  • Ladder of evidence for treatment
  • Pick the design that fits the question
  • Case control what starting from the cases gives and costs
  • What snapshot and group level studies cannot show
  • Rates what goes on top and on the bottom
  • Incidence versus prevalence
  • Who got in and who was lost selection type bias
  • Who distorted the information measurement type bias
  • Controlling confounding which method at which stage
  • Reading an adjusted estimate
  • Is it cause or only association
  • The isotretinoin register study
  • Internal or external validity
  • Ways to randomise
  • Trial safeguards which bias does each stop
  • Randomise people or whole groups
  • Crossover and sequenced trials
  • Handling dropouts and missing outcomes
  • What a trial result actually shows
  • Risk measures difference ratio or share of baseline
  • Number needed to treat or harm
  • Odds and the odds ratio
  • Which database holds this literature
  • Building a search with operators
  • Database tools where the button is
  • What makes a review systematic and trustworthy
  • Effect size
  • What type of data is this
  • The normal curve and skew
  • Statistically significant and does it matter
  • Type i error type ii error and power
  • Choosing a test for counts and categories
  • Which regression for this outcome
  • Multivariate analysis and its techniques
  • Reading a kaplan meier curve
  • Hazard ratios and cox regression
  • Sensitivity specificity and predictive values from the 2x2 table
  • Moving the cut off the setting or the testing strategy
  • Likelihood ratios and post test probability
  • Reading a roc curve
  • Types of validity
  • Is this question qualitative
  • Rigour in qualitative work
  • Who is sampled and how many
  • Kinds of economic evaluation
  • Incremental cost effectiveness and value for money
  • Audit quality improvement or service evaluation
  • Which reporting standard
  • How guidelines are made and kept current
  • Research ethics
  • Hypothesis testing terms p value errors and power
  • Quality improvement models and pdsa steps
Area 5
  • What prevention evidence shows
  • Naming the cbt technique
  • Which psychological treatment fits the condition
  • Which drug caused this sign
  • When ect is the answer
  • Before ect conditions and drugs that change it
  • What a specific capacity test requires
  • Capacity decides the next step
  • When confidentiality may be broken
  • Driving and the dvla
  • What each service and care model does
  • Culture and language in assessment
Area 6.1
  • Which psychotic diagnosis fits the onset and picture
  • Named delusions and odd beliefs
  • Look for the organic cause
  • Schizophrenia risk by relative
  • Environmental risks for schizophrenia how big how sure
  • Mechanisms that cause or keep a disorder going
  • Cognition in schizophrenia which domain which phase
  • Catatonia not just schizophrenia
  • Hot stiff and confused which syndrome b 6 1 l09
  • Antipsychotic movement effects which one is it
  • Antipsychotic movement effects first treatment
  • Pick the antipsychotic that spares the problem
  • Qt risk
  • How to deliver antipsychotic treatment
  • Clozapine when to start and what next
  • Clozapine problems that track dose
  • Clozapine gut and secretions
  • Clozapine and the heart
  • Does this feature predict a better or worse course
  • Excess death risk
  • Which bipolar spectrum picture or a mimic
  • Which depressive picture
  • Minimum durations
  • Acute bipolar episode next step
  • Depression next treatment step
  • Antidepressant for this medical problem
  • Antidepressant properties
  • How often depression and bipolar recur
  • What did this trial find
  • Which scale or tool
  • Biological markers
  • Which anxiety related disorder
  • Commonest comorbidity
  • Ocd spectrum treatment steps
  • Which icd bucket
  • Which dissociative syndrome
  • Which personality label
  • Borderline personality over time
  • Anorexia bulimia or binge eating
  • Physical findings of purging and refeeding
  • Anorexia when it is a medical emergency
  • Eating disorders first treatment
  • Narcolepsy
  • Sex ratio
  • Prevalence figures
  • Age of onset
Area 6.rest
  • Which perinatal illness is this
  • Perinatal illness by the numbers
  • Choosing treatment in pregnancy
  • The newborn's picture names the mother's drug
  • What is safe in breastfeeding
  • Maintenance drugs through pregnancy and delivery
  • Symptoms that follow the cycle
  • Normal grief depression or crisis
  • Symptoms without a physical cause
  • Psychotropics in medical illness
  • When the drug is the cause
  • Body clues to a medical diagnosis
  • Reading the ecg
  • How often mental illness comes with physical illness
  • Which lobe given the sign
  • Which motor system given the movement
  • Which seizure type
  • After a head injury
  • Which alcohol brain syndrome
  • Acute brain illness which test decides
  • Hot stiff or twitchy which drug syndrome
  • First treatment in an emergency
  • When suicide risk peaks
  • Suicide who was in contact or ill
  • Who is at highest suicide risk
  • Managing risk the next step
  • Sexual problems cause and fix
  • Cross dressing and gender dysphoria
Area 7
  • Normal ageing mild impairment or dementia is daily life still independent
  • Acute fluctuating confusion spotting and handling delirium
  • What raises dementia risk and by how much
  • Genes and inheritance behind dementias
  • Cortical or subcortical where the deficit points
  • Does the story fit alzheimer's disease
  • Vascular dementia when vessel damage explains the decline
  • Frontal dementias behaviour and language before memory
  • Movement signs that name the disease
  • Treatable and untreatable causes of dementia
  • Where the brain changes on imaging
  • What happens after mild impairment or delirium
  • Which dementia gets an antidementia drug
  • Antidementia drugs what the pharmacology predicts
  • Distressing behaviour in dementia the next step
  • Antipsychotics in older bodies which harm decides
  • Parkinson's disease with new psychiatric symptoms what to change first
  • Sleep and sedatives in older people
  • Late life delusions and hallucinations what they point to
  • Treating depression in older people
  • What raises suicide risk in later life
  • Where late life suicide prevention can act
  • Naming the study design
Area 8
  • Where the unwanted feeling goes
  • How mature is this defence
  • All good all bad splitting and idealisation
  • Transference and countertransference what they are and how they show
  • What the therapist does with the material
  • When therapy gets hard pulling back or getting worse
  • What each therapy sets out to change
  • Cbt thinking errors
  • Signature techniques and their schools
  • Cognitive analytic therapy stages and tools
  • Schools of family therapy
  • Yalom's therapeutic factors
  • Kinds of group and community
  • How dbt is built
  • Which therapy has the evidence for this patient
  • Types of rating instrument
Area 9
  • Is it still normal for the child's age
  • Naming learning and development theories
  • How common is it in children
  • When does it start or peak
  • Age limits in the diagnostic rules
  • Genes behind neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Pregnancy and birth exposures
  • Temperament and family risk factors
  • What follows childhood adversity
  • Attachment after poor early care
  • Language learning and look alikes
  • Autism or early psychosis
  • Seizures in neurodevelopmental disorders
  • The usual companion disorder
  • Anxiety in children which kind
  • Defiant or rule breaking
  • Which tic disorder
  • What the weight decides in eating disorders
  • First step in assessing a child
  • Self harm and suicide in young people how common
  • How childhood disorders turn out
  • Adhd drugs which step now
  • Adhd drugs the real risks
  • Tics with adhd what to use
  • Autism matching support to the need
  • Night time events which sleep stage
  • Child depression the next step
  • Which drug for this young person's diagnosis
  • First line non drug treatments
  • Conduct problems which treatment for this age
  • Genetic syndromes and their autism linked features

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Paper A 2027 lessons: 288 locked
Area 1a
  • How the brain builds a picture from parts
  • Where each sense is carried and where damage shows
  • Abnormal perceptions what sets them off
  • Which kind of attention is in play
  • Long term memory types
  • Forgetting and distorted memories
  • Amnesia what is lost and what is spared
  • Where memory lives in the brain
  • Executive tests which ability is isolated
  • Intelligence what is measured
  • Reward timing and building skills
  • Exposure therapies how fear is unlearned
  • Recovery models in addiction
  • Language delay risks and red flags
  • Language building blocks
  • Thinking shortcuts and reasoning rules
  • Drives and needs what kind of motive is this
  • Emotion and reward systems
  • Stress arousal and reactions
  • Depression what explains it
  • Sleep stages rem or deep nrem
  • Sleep and wake regulation
  • Memory processes consolidation and retrieval
Area 1b
  • When beliefs clash dissonance and persuasion
  • Distorted judgement and performance who is causing the shift
  • Conformity and crowds what pulls the individual toward the group
  • Group decisions what makes a group decide badly or hold together
  • Obedience and power why does the person comply
  • Prejudice and stigma which kind or component is it
  • Reducing prejudice and stigma which intervention or campaign works
  • Helping and harming what the person weighs up
  • Society and illness rates which way does the arrow run
  • Illness sickness and the sick role which concept is it
  • Family patterns which system is it
  • Expressed emotion which family talk predicts relapse
  • Critics and reformers of psychiatry what did they claim
  • Culture bound syndromes what is the core fear or behaviour
  • Cultural identity and acculturation what the person keeps from each culture
  • Ethical principles what is the decision based on
  • Consent and good practice what is allowed here
  • Research ethics which code or study
  • Piaget's stages what the child's thinking shows
  • Piaget's adaptation how schemas change
  • Theory of mind what it is how it is tested when it emerges
  • Motor and drawing milestones at what age
  • Fears and attachment milestones at what age
  • Attachment types what the strange situation shows
  • Bowlby's attachment theory what the infant needs
  • Early care failure what was missing so what follows
  • Childhood adversity does this factor raise the child's risk
  • Parenting styles demand against warmth
  • Mahler how separate the infant feels
  • Freud and klein which stage or position
  • Psychodynamic terms whose concept and which defence
  • Erikson which life conflict at this age
  • Marcia explored committed both or neither
  • Kohlberg's levels why the child says it is wrong
  • Kohlberg's theory how moral stages unfold
  • Gender development which process or theory explains it
  • Adolescence what is normal for this age
  • Personality models which model owns this trait
  • Adult life what really changes
  • Social ageing theories who drives the change in social life
  • Research methods which design or scale fits the question
Area 2a
  • Which named group a brain structure belongs to
  • Neuron types and their jobs
  • Glial cells and their jobs
  • Ions behind the action potential
  • How transmitters are made
  • How transmitters are cleared
  • What kind of molecule a signal is
  • Where a drug or messenger acts in signalling
  • Receptor subtypes and what they do
  • Where each transmitter is made in the brain
  • Dopaminergic pathways
  • The reward circuit
  • What makes learning update
  • Frontal lobe signs
  • Signs from the parietal occipital and temporal lobes
  • Which aphasia is it
  • Brainstem cranial nerve and cerebellar signs
  • Large scale brain networks
  • What a cognitive test measures a 2a l21
  • Tests of frontal and executive function
  • Normal eeg rhythms
  • Abnormal eeg patterns
  • Choosing the right recording or scan
  • Nuclear medicine scans
  • T1 or t2 what is bright
  • Mrs nuclei
  • Imaging findings in disorders
  • Which gland makes this hormone
  • Appetite signals
  • Eating disorders what explains this finding
  • Hormone problems behind a clinical picture
  • Stress and immune changes in depression
  • Neurochemical markers of behaviour and disorder
  • Which encephalitis is it
  • Which investigation comes first
  • Which movement or night time disorder is it
  • Sleep wake chemistry
  • What a lab model or technique can show
Area 2b
  • From gene to protein transcription splicing and the code
  • Bases and mutations by type
  • The cell cycle mitosis and meiosis
  • Chromosome number and structure
  • Mendelian risk to the next child
  • Genetic epidemiology terms
  • Gene hunting methods and linkage
  • Lab techniques what does the test detect
  • Triplet repeats and anticipation
  • Deletion syndromes which piece is missing
  • Learning disability syndromes from the bedside picture
  • Metabolic genetic disorders
  • Gene name to protein
  • Huntington's disease test scan and tissue findings
  • Risk to a relative by genetic closeness
  • Which disorder carries the most genetic loading
  • Schizophrenia genetics
  • Endophenotypes of schizophrenia
  • Brain embryology neural tube and vesicles
  • Brain maturation timeline
  • Intellectual disability picture severity and causes
  • Autism versus adhd which finding
  • Head injury severity and lasting effects
  • Physical causes of confusion
  • Thiamine and the confused drinker
  • Substances which intoxication or dependence
  • Drug and transmitter mechanisms
  • Established risk factors
  • Fear and trauma disorders
  • Complex ptsd versus borderline personality
  • Obsessions and compulsions is it ocd
  • Named psychological processes
  • Mood episodes and their look alikes
  • Biological markers in mood disorder and suicide
  • Schizophrenia symptom pictures
  • Where the classification systems place it
  • Brain changes in schizophrenia
  • Cognition in schizophrenia
  • Unexplained bodily symptoms which diagnosis
  • Cognitive syndromes that are not dementia
  • Eeg patterns
  • Seizures from the patient's experience
  • Narcolepsy and kleine levin
  • Eating disorders what starvation and purging do
  • Odd cluster personality
  • Dramatic and anxious cluster personality
  • Brain stimulation targets
  • Protein misfolding disease families
  • Alzheimer's amyloid to tau cascade
  • Alzheimer's genes cause or risk
  • Inclusion bodies
  • Ftd spectrum syndromes
  • Lewy body dementia versus parkinson's and alzheimer s
  • Parkinson's disease nigrostriatal dopamine loss
  • Recognising prion disease and its forms
  • Hiv and the brain
  • Vascular dementia
  • Mood disorder diagnostic thresholds
  • Apoe alleles and dose
  • Prion pathology
Area 3.3
  • Receptor families channel g protein second messenger or nucleus
  • Affinity efficacy and potency
  • Partial agonists switching a receptor partly on
  • How the body clears the drug
  • The benzodiazepine site on gaba a
  • Turning down excitation calcium sodium and glutamate targets
  • Antidepressant reuptake which pump is blocked
  • Antidepressants that act on receptors beyond the pump
  • Enzyme blockers what builds up
  • Transporters and vesicles how stimulants raise monoamines
  • Dopamine pathways which one is changed
  • Antipsychotic receptor profiles beyond d2
  • Serotonin receptor subtypes which one explains the effect
  • Histamine and muscarinic block sleepy dry blocked
  • Alpha 1 block low blood pressure and priapism
  • Adrenergic drugs beta block and alpha 2 stimulation
  • Opioid drugs full agonist partial agonist or blocker
  • Alcohol drugs the drug itself or its reaction with alcohol
  • Recreational drugs which receptor
  • Street drugs which drug the signs point to
  • Sleep and wake drugs which signal
  • Night time and sleep side effects which drug
  • Dementia drugs which step of signalling
  • Licensed uses matching drug to condition
  • Antidepressant side effect profiles matching drug to problem
  • Movement effects when they start and what they are
  • Movement effects how d2 block sets risk and treatment
  • Hot stiff and confused which syndrome a 3 3 l28
  • Metabolic risk how high for this drug
  • Qt danger what on the ecg and in the patient raises it
  • Antipsychotic qt risk
  • Antidepressant qt risk
  • Low sodium how high is the risk
  • Clozapine dangers by time on the drug
  • Clozapine who is at risk and what to do
  • Lithium tremor fine side effect or toxicity
  • Antiepileptics signature side effects
  • Blood and liver which test the danger calls for
  • Skin and eye reactions how serious
  • Pregnancy how big the drug's risk to the baby
  • Pregnancy which drug causes which defect
  • Ect what goes up and what goes down
  • Sildenafil what follows from blocking pde5
  • Movement effects who is at risk and what helps
Area 3.rest
  • Antipsychotic chemical families
  • What each pharmacokinetic term measures
  • Fixed fraction or fixed amount elimination order
  • What speeds or slows getting a drug in
  • First pass through the liver before the blood
  • Where the drug goes fat and protein binding
  • Crossing the blood brain barrier
  • Pregnancy and ageing shift drug levels
  • Half life how long the drug stays
  • Depots slow release changes the timing
  • Active metabolites that carry on the effect
  • Metabolism which reaction which gene
  • Which organ clears it which organ failure matters
  • Irreversible binding outlasts the drug
  • When a blood level is worth measuring
  • Lithium at and above its level
  • Enzyme inducers lower levels
  • Liver enzyme inhibitors raise levels
  • Lithium interactions what cuts kidney clearance
  • Adding drugs which shared effect stacks up
  • Maois and the noradrenaline surge
  • Blocked acetaldehyde breakdown disulfiram like reactions
  • Switching antidepressants how long a gap
  • Antidepressant discontinuation the short half life drugs
  • Withdrawal the opposite of the drug's effect
  • Repeated use tolerance cross tolerance and misuse potential
  • Urine detection windows
  • Choosing a drug around the patient's risk
  • Mechanism to indication
  • Monitoring which test the drug's risk calls for
  • Drug development stages
  • Talking with patients about taking medicines
Area 4
  • Distorted mistaken or absent stimulus
  • Hallucinations by trigger and place
  • Familiarity and misidentification
  • False accounts of the past
  • Level and content of consciousness
  • Dissociative and feigned presentations
  • How a delusion forms
  • Primary or secondary delusion
  • Delusion content
  • Passivity of thought and body
  • Schizophrenia or mood psychosis
  • Obsessions overvalued ideas and delusions
  • Odd words and repetitions
  • Aphasias by language channel
  • Agnosias and neglect
  • Apraxias
  • Expressed versus felt emotion
  • Catatonic motor signs
  • Involuntary movements by pattern
  • Signs that localise a lesion
  • Physical causes behind a mental state
  • Best test for the suspected cause
  • Ecg conduction patterns
  • Classifying a depressive episode
  • Mania hypomania and bipolar type
  • Duration thresholds in psychotic disorders
  • Duration thresholds in mood and stress disorders
  • Schizophrenia subtypes and delusional disorder
  • What drives a bodily complaint
  • What the anxious person fears
  • What separates the disorder from its neighbour
  • Describing personality disorder
  • How classification systems work
  • Who named it
  • Supportive interview techniques
  • Questions that bias or block
  • Steering the interview
  • What a cognitive test measures a 4 l40
  • Choosing a cognitive assessment
  • Who completes the instrument
  • Scales by symptom domain
  • Scales for function need and outcome
  • Personality tests and scale design
  • Where the unacceptable impulse goes
  • Keeping painful reality out of feeling
  • Defence levels and schools
  • Defences typical of a disorder
  • Risk predictors
  • Where icd names and groups a diagnosis
Area top-up
  • Top up facts without a lesson

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