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Heterogeneity and publication bias

Understand the model, recognise it in a stem, separate the look-alikes, then apply it.

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Visual explanationUse the diagram to rebuild the concept from memory.
Funnel plot precision (study size) effect size ? missing small "negative" studies asymmetry suggests publication bias
Asymmetric funnel plot
Galbraith (radial) plot standardised effect (z) precision (1/SE) → slope = pooled effect dashed = ±2 band points outside the band flag heterogeneity / outliers
Galbraith (radial) plot
01Memory anchor
I² = how much they disagree; lopsided funnel = who's missing.

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