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Kohlberg's Preconventional Moral Stage
Understand the model, recognise it in a stem, separate the look-alikes, then apply it.
01Memory anchor
First the smack, then the snack-swap — Stage 1 is the fear of getting smacked (punished) by someone bigger; Stage 2 is learning to swap snacks (a direct, self-interested trade) once the fear alone stops being the whole story.