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Where does this measure act on the path from whole population, to people at risk, to established illness?
More, if you want it
Where is the patient on the path to illness?Tap a term: its definition, what you can do with it, and how often the exam asks it.
Definition: help that reaches a whole population whatever the risk.
You can: Tell universal prevention from selective prevention by whether the programme reaches every person or only a higher-risk group.
Definition: help for a higher-risk group with no disorder.
You can: Tell selective prevention from indicated prevention by whether the people show early signs of the disorder.
Definition: help for people with early signs and no disorder yet.
You can: Tell indicated prevention from secondary prevention by whether the disorder has already developed.
Definition: early detection and treatment of a disorder.
You can: Tell secondary prevention from tertiary prevention by whether the illness is early or established.
Definition: care that reduces disability after an illness is established.
You can: Tell tertiary prevention from secondary prevention by whether the aim is less disability after established illness.
Each card is one term. The grey line is what the patient says, which is what the question stem gives.
Summary
Universal prevention is help that reaches a whole population regardless of risk.
Universal prevention is help that reaches a whole population regardless of risk. Caplan's model sorts prevention by stage. Primary prevention works on healthy people to stop illness starting. The Mrazek and Haggerty model splits primary prevention by who is reached. Universal prevention is the first of their levels.
Primordial prevention reduces risk factors across a population before the risk factors develop. Diabetes and physical or mental inactivity come before illness and predict later dementia. Reducing those risk factors offers a route to primary prevention. Limiting alcohol use across a whole population may curb misuse better than targeting a predisposed minority.
Zainab is a public health nurse in Bradford. Zainab plans an anti-bullying programme for every pupil in a secondary school. Zainab says, "Every child gets the sessions, whatever their risk."
Candidates label a whole-school bullying programme selective or . Trap: the programme sounds aimed at bullied children. Clue: every child takes part and no child has a disorder. A programme for every child before any illness is universal and primary. This points to universal prevention.
School substance-misuse education for all children is universal prevention. A one-day whole-school bullying retreat is universal prevention. Self-harm prevention for young people needs measures aimed at all young people. Pre-conception counselling is primary prevention of antenatal depression, because the counselling comes before any illness.
Mnemonic
Universal reaches all, selective reaches some, indicated reaches signs. Cue: all children in years 5 and 6
Universal means the whole population, whatever the risk. Selective means only some people, a higher-risk group with no disorder. Indicated means people whose early signs indicate the disorder is starting, before it has developed.
4 more sections on Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and universal, selective and indicated prevention
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